Un análisis numérico de inclusión financiera y pobreza
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18381/eq.v12i2.4857Palabras clave:
Inclusión Financiera, Crédito, Depósitos, Pobreza, Adopción TecnológicaResumen
La inclusión financiera per se no es capaz de aliviar la pobreza, pero servicios financieros (crédito y depósitos) eficientes facilitan la adopción de tecnologías de producción avanzadas, que generan mayores ingresos esperados. Proponemos y resolvemos modelos dinámicos, estocásticos, de horizonte infinito, que muestran que la inclusión en el mercado de depósitos (o de crédito) no garantiza mayores ingresos entre las poblaciones más pobres. Identificamos niveles iniciales de riqueza (umbrales de consumo) donde los hogares no demandan depósitos (o no disminuyen sus niveles de endeudamiento). La ausencia de demanda de servicios de depósito (o el uso del crédito sólo para estabilizar consumo) impide que la inclusión financiera impacte los ingresos del hogar. Cuando el umbral de consumo es rebasado, la riqueza del hogar todavía debe aumentar hasta alcanzar el umbral adopción. Durante esta transición, los servicios financieros son una herramienta de administración de riesgo. Cuando el nivel de riqueza es suficientemente alto, en el umbral de adopción, el depósito acumulado (o el crédito) es utilizado para invertir en tecnologías más avanzadas. Esto tiene implicaciones en el diseño de políticas de inclusión financiera para diferentes poblaciones meta. La inclusión financiera es necesaria, pero no suficiente, para el alivio de la pobreza.Descargas
Citas
Adams, Dale W. 1998. Altruistic or Production Finance? A Donors’ Dilemma. In Mwangi S. Kimenyi, Robert C. Wieland, y J.D. Von Pischke (eds.), Strategic Issues in Microfinance. Aldershot, England: Ashgate.
Adams, Dale W y J.D. Von Pischke. 1992. Micro-Enterprise Credit Programs: Déjà Vu. World Development 10 (10): 1463-1470.
Adams, Dale W, Douglas H. Graham y J. D. Von Pischke, eds. 1984. Undermining Rural Development with Cheap Credit. Colorado: Westview Press.
Adams, Dale W, Claudio González-Vega y J.D. Von Pischke, eds. 1987. Crédito Agrícola y Desarrollo Rural. La Nueva Visión. San José, Costa Rica: The Ohio State University and Academia de Centroamérica.
Alderman, Harold y Christina Paxson. 1992. Do the Poor Insure? A Synthesis of the Literature on Risk and Consumption in Developing Countries.” Policy Research Working Paper 1008. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Alpizar, Carlos A. 2007. Risk Coping Strategies and Rural Household Production Efficiency: Quasi-experimental Evidence from El Salvador. Ph.D. Dissertation. Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics, The Ohio State University.
Angelucci, Manuela, Dean Karlan y Jonathan Zinman. 2015. Microcredit Impacts: Evidence from a Randomized Microcredit Program Placement Experiment by Compartamos Banco. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 7(1):151-182.
Banerjee, Abhijit, Dean Karlan y Jonathan Zinman. 2015. Six Randomized Evaluations of Microcredit. Introduction and Further Steps. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 7(1):1-27.
Banerjee, Abhijit, Esther Duflo, Rachel Glennester y Cynthia Kinnan. 2015. The Miracle of Microfinance? Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 7(1):22-53.
Barrett, Christopher B. y Michael Carter R. 2010. The Power and Pitfalls of Experiments in Development Economics: Some Non-random Reflections. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 32(4): 515-548.
Basu, Raushik. 2014. The Method of Randomization, Economic Policy, y Reasoned Intuition. Policy Research Working Paper 1008. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
Bravo-Ureta, Boris E. y Antonio Pinheiro. 1993. Efficiency Analysis of Developing Country Agriculture: A Review of the Frontier Function Literature. Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 22(1): 88-101.
Brune, Lasse, Xavier Giné, Jessica Goldberg y Dean Yang. 2011. Commitments to Save: a Field Experiment in Rural Malawi. Policy Research Working Paper WPS5748. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Chavas, Jean-Paul, Ragan Petrie y Michael Roth. 2005. Farm Household Production Efficiency: Evidence from Gambia. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 87(1): 160-179.
Deaton, Angus S. 1990. Saving in Developing Countries: Theory and Review.” Proceedings of the World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics 1989, pp. 61-96. Supplement to the World Bank Economic Review.
Deaton, Angus S. 1992. Household Saving in LDCs: Credit Markets, Insurance y Welfare. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics 94 (2): 253:273.
Deaton, Angus S. 2010. Instruments, Randomization, y Learning about Development. Revised version of the Keynes Lecture. London: British Academy.
Dercon, Stefan. 1998. Wealth, Risk y Activity Choice: Cattle in Western Tanzania. Journal of Development Economics 55 (1): 1-42.
Dupas, Pascaline y Jonathan Robinson. 2013. Savings Constraints and Microenterprise Development: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Kenya. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 5 (1): 163-192.
Fafchamps, Marcel y John Pender. 1997. Precautionary Saving, Credit Constraints, and Irreversible Investment: Theory and Evidence fron Semi-Arid India. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 15 (2): 180-194.
Gonzalez-Vega, Claudio. 1998. Do Financial Institutions Have a Role in Assisting the Poor? In Mwangi S. Kimenyi, Robert C. Wieland, y J.D. Von Pischke (eds.), Strategic Issues in Microfinance. Aldershot, England: Ashgate.
Gonzalez-Vega, Claudio. 2003. Deepening Rural Financial Markets: Macroeconomic, Policy, and Political Dimensions. International Conference on Paving the Way Forward for Rural Finance. Washington, D.C.: WOCCU and USAID.
Guizar, Isai, Claudio Gonzalez-Vega y Mario J. Miranda. 2015. Uneven Influence of Credit and Savings Deposits on the Dynamics of Technology Decisions and Poverty Traps. Fourth European Research Conference on Microfinance, University of Geneva, June 1-3.
Karlan, Dean, Margaret McConnell, Sendhil Mullainathan y Jonathan Zinman. 2010. Getting to the Top of Mind: How Reminders Increase Saving. NBER Working Papers 16205, National Bureau of Economic Research.
Kochar, Anjini. 1999. Smoothing Consumption by Smoothing Income: Hours-of-work Responses to Idiosyncratic Agricultural Shocks in Rural India. The Review of Economic and Statistics 81 (1): 50-61.
McKenzie, David J. y Christopher Woodruff. 2006. Do Entry Costs Provide Empirical Basis for Poverty Traps? Evidence from Mexican Microenterprises. Economic Development and Cultural Change 55: 3-42.
Miranda, Mario J. y Paul L Fackler. 2002. Applied Computational Economics and Finance. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Miranda, Mario J. y Katie Farrin. 2012. Index Insurance for Developing Countries. Applied Economics Perspective and Policies 34 (3): 391-427.
Morduch, Jonathan. 1995. Income Smoothing and Consumption Smoothing. Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (3): 103-114.
Robinson, Marguerite S. 1998. Microfinance: The Paradigm Shift from Credit Delivery to Sustainable Financial Intermediation. In Mwangi S. Kimenyi, Robert C. Wieland, y J.D. Von Pischke (eds.), Strategic Issues in Microfinance. Aldershot, England: Ashgate.
Sherlund, Shane M., Christopher B. Barrett y Akinwumi A. Adesina. 2002. Smallholder Technical Efficiency Controlling for Environmental Production Conditions. Journal of Development Economics, 69(1): 85-101.
Udry, Christopher y Santosh Anagol. 2006. The Return to Capital in Ghana. The American Economic Review 96 (2): 388-393.
Von Pischke, J.D., Dale W Adams y Gordon Donald, eds. 1983. Rural Financial Markets in Developing Countries. Their Use and Abuse. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Yaron, Jacob, McDonald P. Benjamin y Stephanie Charitonenko. 1998. Promoting Efficient Rural Financial Intermediation. The World Bank Research Observer 13 (2): 147-170.
Zimmerman, Frederick J. y Michael R Carter. 2003. Asset Smoothing, Consumption Smoothing and the Reproduction of Inequality under Risk and Subsistence Constraints. Journal of Development Economics 71: 233-260.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
El contenido publicado en EconoQuantum se encuentra bajo una Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.